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تاریخ::
تمامیت ارضی
tence of a rising or hegemonic power that, if not opposed, will threaten their sovereign existence and territorial integrity; and second, they must find allies with which to match the power of the rising or hegemonic state if they cannot accomplish this by their own internal efforts.
The third factor explaining the absence of intense hard balancing is the norms of territorial integrity that grew out of the Cold War era and were strengthened by decolonization.59 These offer a level of assurance against blatant territorial expansion.
Its pursuit of land acquisition and control of oil and natural gas fields in Africa, Central Asia, and Latin America may also generate problems if norms of territorial integrity are understood to
Russia's support for separatists in eastern Ukraine since 2014 and its reannexation of Crimea in March 2014 also pose significant challenges to the territorial integrity norm-as did U.S. interventions in Iraq, Libya, and Syria.
The territorial integrity norm, despite some key violations, has been functional for much of the post-Cold War era.
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